Barreras para una alimentación saludable: un análisis cualitativo de las semánticas emergentes en las comunidades escolares de Ciudad Sur

La literatura ha hecho hincapié en la centralidad que cumplen los entornos alimentarios en las elecciones alimentarias y en el estado nutricional de la población. Objetivo: identificar las percepciones de padres, madres y apoderados, profesionales de establecimientos educacionales, funcionarios municipales, y feriantes pertenecientes a la zona sur de Santiago de Chile, respecto a las barreras y limitaciones de la puesta en práctica de una alimentación saludable en el ambiente alimentario escolar. Método: se realizaron seis grupos focales agrupando a 50 actores claves vinculados a los establecimientos educacionales de Ciudad Sur utilizando una muestra no probabilística. Se aplicó un análisis de contenido mediante la técnica de codificación temática buscando relevar los universos semánticos emergentes. Resultados: se identificaron nueve barreras, o semánticas, que caracterizan limitantes a la realización de la alimentación saludable en los entornos escolares desde la perspectiva de los participantes: la familia, kioscos escolares, la salida de los establecimientos escolares, gusto, determinantes socioeconómicos, política pública, falta de conocimiento, publicidad y disponibilidad de productos sin sellos. Conclusiones: las limitaciones asociadas al ambiente alimentario doméstico tienen una representación significativamente alta (47,9%) y contienen un carácter de responsabilización individual en su enunciación. Esta cultura explicativa es opuesta a la evidencia científica y académica respecto al funcionamiento de la conducta alimentaria, y a la centralidad de los ambientes alimentarios respecto a la facilitación u obstaculización del consumo de alimentos saludables o adecuados.

Literature has emphasized on food environments centrality in food choices and nutritional status. Objective: identify social perceptions of fathers, mothers and guardians, professionals from educational establishments, municipal officials, and stallholders belonging to the southern area of Santiago de Chile, regarding limitations of healthy diet implementation on school environments. Method: six focus groups were carried out grouping 50 key actors linked to educational establishments using a non-probabilistic sample. A content analysis was applied through thematic coding technique seeking to reveal emerging semantic universes. Results: Nine barriers, or semantics, were identified characterizing limitations to healthy eating habits in school environments: family, school kiosks, leaving school establishments, taste, socioeconomic determinants, public policy, lack of knowledge, publicity, and availability of products without seals. Conclusions: limitations associated with domestic food environment have a significantly high representation (47,9%) and contain an individualized responsibility feature. This explanatory culture is opposed to scientific and academic evidence regarding the functioning of eating behavior, and the centrality of food environments facilitating or hindering healthy food consumption.

Connaissances, attitudes et perceptions de la césarienne chez les gestantes suivies en CPN dans 6 maternités de Kinshasa / NA

Objectifs: Evaluer le niveau de connaissances, décrire les attitudes ainsi que les perceptions des gestantes sur la césarienne. MéthodesIl s'agissait d'une étude descriptive transversale qui s'est déroulée durant la période allant du 01 Février au 30Avril 2023 (soit 3mois) dans les services des consultations prénatales (CPN) des 6 6 structures de la Ville Province de Kinshasa ; les Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa (CUK), le Centre Hospitalier Roi Baudoin 1, l'Hôpital Saint Joseph(HSJ), les Maternités de Kintambo, de Binza et de Kingasani. Un total de 481 gestantes était interrogé dans l'ensemble des formations sanitaires sélectionnées. Les données sociodémographiques et celles relatives à la connaissance, attitude et perception sur la césarienne ont été récoltées par interview et analysées à l'aide des statistiques descriptives. L'évaluation de connaissances était faite selon la cotation suivante; moins de 50% de bonnes réponses (MAUVAISES) ;entre 50% et 70% de bonnes réponses (MOYENNES) et plus de 70% de bonnes réponses ( BONNES ). L'échelle de Likert a servi à l'évaluation des attitudes et perceptions sur la césarienne. Résultats Sur les 481 gestantes interviewées, seulement 16,1% avaient un antécédent personnel de Césarienne, l'âge de moyen de gestantes était de 29 ans, mariées pour la plupart (87,9%), employée (56,4%) avec un niveau d'étude secondaire (49,3%) et un niveau socio-économique moyen (53,8%). La source d'information sur cette intervention était diversifiée chez 39,8% de gestantes et les CPN n'ont contribué que dans 22,4%. Le niveau de connaissance était satisfaisant chez 73, 3% de gestantes. L'attitude des gestantes était négative chez 70,1% la perception par contre était positive à 64,4 %. Conclusion: La majorité de gestantes avait un niveau suffisant de connaissances sur la césarienne et une perception positive alors qu'elle garde une attitude négative face à cette intervention.

Objectives: Evaluate the level of knowledge, describe the attitudes and perceptions of pregnant women about cesarean section. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which took place during the period from February 1 to April 30, 2023 (i.e. 3 months) in the prenatal consultation services (PCS) of the 6 health structures in the City Province of Kinshasa; the University Clinics of Kinshasa (UCK), Roi Baudoin 1 Hospital Center, Saint Joseph Hospital (SJH), Kintambo, Binza and Kingasani maternity wards. A total of 481 pregnant women were interviewed in all the selected health facilities.ResultsAmong the 481 pregnant women interviewed, only 16.1% had a personal history of Caesarean section, the average age of pregnant women was 29 years, most of them married (87.9%), employed (56.4%) with a secondary education level (49.3%) and a socio-economic level. average economic (53.8%). The source of information on this intervention was diversified among 39.8% of pregnant women and antenatal cares only contributed to 22.4%. The level of knowledge was satisfactory in 73.3% of pregnant women. The attitude of the pregnant women was negative at 70.1%, the perception on the other hand was positive at 64.4%.Conclusion:The majority of pregnant women had a sufficient level of knowledge about caesarean section and a positive perception while they maintain a negative attitude towards this intervention

Fast-track interventions for HIV and AIDS epidemic control among key populations: A rapid review

Background: Despite measures put in place to combat teenage pregnancy, the rate remains high. Community health workers (CHWs) are a cadre of health workers that can help put measures in place to reduce teenage pregnancy in the communities in which they live and work. Aim: This article aims to gain a deeper understanding of CHWs' perceptions regarding teenage pregnancy in the rural districts of Limpopo province. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study approach was employed to collect data from CHWs in two rural districts of Limpopo. A non-probability purposive sampling approach was used to choose 81 CHWs. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were organised, and audio recorded to collect data from participants. The discussions were 2­3 h long and conducted in English, and data saturation was attained by the fifth FGDs. Results: An eight-step tech's content analysis approach was employed to deductively code, analyse and summarise data into themes. Three themes emerged: the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in rural villages, factors contributing to teenage pregnancy and challenges faced by CHWs when dealing with teenage pregnancy. Conclusion: The study's findings revealed that CHWs face challenges in their communities when offering appropriate teen pregnancy services and CHWs believe that teen pregnancy numbers remain high. There is a significant barrier in combating teenage pregnancy; if contraceptives are not acceptable to the community, the only solution and option for combating teenage pregnancy is abstinence. Contribution: The CHWs presented their insights of teenage pregnancy in rural communities. The outcomes of this study could help clinical practise, schools, communities, youth-friendly services, policymakers and other non-governmental organisations reduce teenage pregnancy.

Perceptions of community health workers on teenage pregnancy in rural Limpopo: A qualitative study

Background: Despite measures put in place to combat teenage pregnancy, the rate remains high. Community health workers (CHWs) are a cadre of health workers that can help put measures in place to reduce teenage pregnancy in the communities in which they live and work. Aim: This article aims to gain a deeper understanding of CHWs' perceptions regarding teenage pregnancy in the rural districts of Limpopo province. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study approach was employed to collect data from CHWs in two rural districts of Limpopo. A non-probability purposive sampling approach was used to choose 81 CHWs. Eight focus group discussions (FGDs) were organised, and audio recorded to collect data from participants. The discussions were 2­3 h long and conducted in English, and data saturation was attained by the fifth FGDs. Results: An eight-step tech's content analysis approach was employed to deductively code, analyse and summarise data into themes. Three themes emerged: the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in rural villages, factors contributing to teenage pregnancy and challenges faced by CHWs when dealing with teenage pregnancy. Conclusion: The study's findings revealed that CHWs face challenges in their communities when offering appropriate teen pregnancy services and CHWs believe that teen pregnancy numbers remain high. There is a significant barrier in combating teenage pregnancy; if contraceptives are not acceptable to the community, the only solution and option for combating teenage pregnancy is abstinence. Contribution: The CHWs presented their insights of teenage pregnancy in rural communities. The outcomes of this study could help clinical practise, schools, communities, youth-friendly services, policymakers and other non-governmental organisations reduce teenage pregnancy

Redes sociales de apoyo formales e informales para la reducción de pobreza del adulto mayor y su familia

Introducción: El aumento en la esperanza de vida se ha convertido en una realidad, en una problemática y en un reto para los países en desarrollo como Colombia, marcado por determinantes sociales dentro de los cuales la población adulta mayor se ve ampliamente afectada. Objetivo: Describir la percepción del adulto mayor y su familia acerca de las redes sociales de apoyo formales e informales, que contribuyen en la reducción de la pobreza. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. Participaron 22 adultos mayores, 3 hombres y 19 mujeres entre los 60 y 89 años, dos cuidadores y un empleado administrativo de la institución en Neiva (Huila). Resultados: Los hallazgos se enmarcaron bajo tres cuatro categorías instauradas previa revisión teórica: precepción de envejecimiento, estructura de las redes sociales de apoyo, dinámica familiar y percepción de redes sociales de apoyo; además, se obtuvieron durante el estudio emergieron tres categorías emergentes: la pobreza más allá del concepto económico, entre lo espiritual y emocional como red de apoyo y la resignificación del trabajo en el adulto mayor como una opción. Conclusiones: Los adultos mayores perciben las redes sociales de apoyo formales e informales como necesarias para su bienestar físico, espiritual y emocional, además, identifican la resignificación del trabajo como una opción de vida desde sus capacidades instrumentales, junto con la espiritualidad, la cual se fortalece a lo largo de sus vidas y al interior de sus familias.

Introduction: The increase in life expectancy has become a reality, a problem, and a challenge for developing countries such as Colombia, marked by social determinants in which the elderly population is largely affected. Objective: Describe the perception of older adults and their families regarding formal and informal social support networks that contribute to poverty reduction. Materials and methods: A qualitative study using a phenomenological approach was conducted. Twenty-two older adults, three men and 19 women, between 60 and 89 years old; two caregivers, and an administrative employee at the institution in Neiva (Huila) participated. Results: The findings were framed under four categories established after a theoretical review: perception of aging, structure of social support networks, family dynamics, and perception of social support networks. Three categories emerged during the study: Poverty beyond the economic concept, between the spiritual and emotional as a support network, and the resignification of work in the elderly as an option. Conclusions: Older adults perceive formal and informal social support networks as something necessary for their physical, spiritual, and emotional well-being. In addition, they identify the resignification of work as a life option based on their instrumental capabilities, along with spirituality, which is strengthened throughout their lives and within their families.

Epilepsy in art: a historical exploration of representations across eras / Epilepsia na arte: uma exploração histórica de representações através de épocas

This narrative review explores the diverse representations of epilepsy in art across different historical periods, examining the intersection of artistic expression with evolving cultural, medical, and societal perceptions. Beginning with ancient and medieval depictions intertwined with religious symbolism, the paper progresses through the Renaissance, and Baroque, and transitions into modern and avant-garde movements. Each period reflects changing attitudes towards epilepsy, from divine interpretations, and religious concerns to anatomical realism and, later, explorations of psychological themes. The contemporary lens focuses on inclusive and empathetic portrayals, utilizing digital media to challenge stigmas and foster understanding.

Esta revisão narrativa explora as diversas representações da epilepsia na arte em diferentes períodos históricos, examinando a intersecção da expressão artística com a evolução das percepções culturais, médicas e sociais. Começando com representações antigas e medievais entrelaçadas com simbolismo religioso, o artigo avança através da Renascença e do Barroco, e transita para movimentos modernos e de vanguarda. Cada período reflete mudanças de atitudes em relação à epilepsia, desde interpretações divinas e preocupações religiosas até o realismo anatômico e, mais tarde, explorações de temas psicológicos. A lente contemporânea centra-se em representações inclusivas e empáticas, utilizando meios digitais para desafiar estigmas e promover a compreensão.

Experiencias de personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual sobre el derecho a la vida independiente: Un estudio de caso / Experiences of adults with intellectual disabilities on the right to independent living: A case study

Resumen En el ámbito de la discapacidad intelectual, el desarrollo de una vida independiente se ha configurado como un derecho humano y civil que permite a estas personas articular planes de vida deseados. Esta investigación analiza, mediante un estudio de caso, los significados que un grupo asesor compuesto por ocho personas adultas con discapacidad intelectual tiene sobre el concepto de vida independiente en el contexto chileno. Para la recopilación de los datos se diseñó una entrevista grupal semiestructurada acompañada de moodboards que facilitaron la verbalización de las respuestas. Sobre los relatos obtenidos a partir de las entrevistas se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados muestran cómo el desempeño de una actividad laboral remunerada o el establecimiento de relaciones afectivas sólidas se conforman como elementos imprescindibles para la independencia personal. La dificultad para ser económicamente independientes o la falta de accesibilidad en el entorno laboral se identifican también como principales barreras para la concreción de este derecho. Igualmente, se destaca el rol que desempeñan la pareja y las amistades como figuras de apoyo constante a la independencia y al empoderamiento personal. Estos resultados sugieren algunas orientaciones para la planificación de intervenciones sobre este constructo, las cuales deben procurar la adquisición de habilidades que fortalezcan la capacidad de autocuidado de este colectivo, promover el incremento de oportunidades para la realización de elecciones significativas en el ámbito laboral, personal y comunitario, y adaptarse a los espacios en los que se desenvuelven las personas con discapacidad intelectual en la edad adulta.

Abstract In the field of intellectual disability, the development of an independent life has been configured as a human and civil right that allows these people to articulate desired life plans. Despite the advances, at the international level, research on aspects related to independent living in people with intellectual disabilities continues to be very scarce. Generally, the approaches to the study of this construct are based on broader investigations dedicated to evaluating the levels of quality of life or self-determination of this population in residential services or sheltered housing. Precisely, this study analyzes, through a case study, the meanings that an advisory group made up of eight adults with intellectual disabilities has on the concept of independent living in the Chilean context in order, on the one hand, to identify relevant elements for the definition of the construct from the perceptions and experiences of this population; and on the other, to propose guidelines at various levels that allow progress in the realization of this right. To collect the data, a semi-structured group interview was designed whose questions were grouped around four themes: previous conceptions of the participants about the construct of independent life, satisfaction with life and possibilities of the context for the development of personal independence, role of family, friendship and partner in independent life, and opportunities of the work context for the achievement of personal independence. During the interview, another strategy was incorporated in which visual language gained more relevance. Specifically, a set of ten moodboards were used that allowed participants to delve into the different topics addressed. The results of the code validation process were calculated using Krippendorff's alpha statistics (.954) and Cohen's kappa (.953), which showed a high level of inter-judge agreement. As a result of this process, categories (N = 6) and subcategories (N = 17) were established. The results show how various needs, barriers and facilitators for the development of independent life are identified from the interviews of the interviewees. Among the main needs is the performance of a paid work activity or the establishment of solid affective relationships. With regard to the barriers that hinder personal independence, the most notorious are related to the difficulty of being financially independent or to the lack of accessibility in the work environment. Regarding the elements that facilitate the development of an independent life, the role of the couple stands out as a constant figure of support for independence and personal empowerment. These results suggest some guidelines for planning interventions on this construct. Among others, they should seek the acquisition of skills that strengthen the self-care capacity of this group; should promote increased opportunities for making meaningful choices in the workplace, personal and community; and they must adapt to the spaces in which people with intellectual disabilities operate in adulthood. On the other hand, it is assumed that one of the main limitations of this research is that the results are not generalizable. However, this study has some strengths. Among others, it contributes to enriching the bulk of research on independent living, this being an aspect barely addressed in the literature. It also complements the results of other research regarding the elements that can condition the development of skills for personal independence. This allows for the design of interventions that provide opportunities for independent living based on the felt needs of these people. In addition, it raises future lines of research related, for example, to the importance of the informed choice of the residential environment or to the study of the possibilities of the digital world as an incident phenomenon in the acquisition of skills for personal independence.

Exposición a pantallas de niñas, niños y adolescentes: recomendaciones, límites y controversias en el marco del distanciamiento social obligatorio: un estudio cualitativo / Child and Teenage Screen Exposure: Recommendations, Limits,and Controversies in the Context of Enforced Social Distancing: a Qualitative Study

Introducción: la utilización de pantallas durante la niñez y la preocupación por su potencial daño aumentaron en los últimos años. La recomendación de no superar dos horas diarias de uso resultó controvertida durante la pandemia por COVID-19. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue explorar las opiniones y actitudes de los profesionales con respecto al uso de pantallas y comprender cómo se modificaron durante dicha pandemia. Materiales y métodos: estudio exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo y estrategia de teoría fundamentada, realizado entre 2020 y 2021.Participaron 23 profesionales (pediatras y generalistas) en cuatro grupos focales. Se realizaron lecturas del material desgrabado para interpretación del contenido. El análisis incluyó la generación de códigos que fueron agrupados en cinco ejes temáticos. Resultados: los ejes resultantes fueron: 1) temática de las pantallas en la consulta ambulatoria de niños sanos, 2) percepción sobre daños, 3) percepción sobre beneficios, 4) pantallas en épocas de ASPO (Aislamiento Social Preventivo y Obligatorio) y 5) pensamientos y acciones contradictorios sobre el uso de pantallas. Discusión: a la hora de recomendar sobre exposición a pantallas, en nuestros entrevistados predominó la intuición personal por sobre la evidencia científica disponible. Reconocieron que el contexto de ASPO visibilizó algunos beneficios asociados a la conectividad que brindan estos dispositivos. Conclusión: nuestros resultados muestran que la percepción sobre las pantallas se está volviendo cada vez más neutral en términos del balance entre sus riesgos y beneficios, conduciendo a que los profesionales sean más flexibles en sus recomendaciones al respecto. (AU)

Introduction: screen use during childhood and potential harm concerns have increased in recent years. Advice not to allow more than two hours of screen use per day was contested during the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary purpose of this research was to probe the opinions and attitudes of professionals regarding the use of screens and to understand how these changed during the pandemic. Materials and methods: this exploratory study, with a qualitative approach and theory-based strategy, was made between 2020 and 2021, and involved the participation of 23 professionals (pediatricians and general practitioners) in four focus groups. The recorded material was analyzed for content interpretation. The analysis included generating codes that were grouped into five thematic areas. Results: the resulting axes were: 1) the issue of screens in the outpatient practice of healthy children; 2) perception of harm; 3) perception of benefits; 4) screens in times of Preventive and Compulsory Social Isolation (ASPO, for its acronym in Spanish); and 5) contradictory thoughts and actions on the use of screens. Discussion: when making recommendations regarding screen exposure, the interviewees' intuition predominated over available scientific evidence. They recognized that the ASPO context highlighted some of the benefits associated with the connectivity provided by these devices. Conclusion: our results show that awareness of screen displays is becoming increasingly neutral concerning the trade-off between their risks and benefits, prompting practitioners to become more flexible in their recommendations. (AU)

Awareness, perceptions, and attitude towards Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine among pregnant women in India: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: The present study was conducted to explore the awareness and perception of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine among pregnant women. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 01, 2021, to September 28, 2021, among 301 pregnant women aged 18–35 years at antenatal care outpatient department in a tertiary care hospital of Western Maharashtra. Results: On assessing the knowledge and awareness score, the mean score (± standard deviation) was 7.83 ± 1.2 out of 16. A total of 176 (58.5%) had good scores(?8). There was no statistically significant association between knowledge and awareness scores and the level of education, type of residence, and age or with weeks of gestation. Although the overall awareness of study participants was satisfactory, 177 (58.8%) felt that COVID-19 vaccines should be avoided during the first trimester. Interestingly, 45 (15.3%) felt that vaccines should not be given during menstruation. There were misconceptions about perceived contraindication, with 81(26.9%), 50(16.6%) and 43(14.4%) responding that diabetes, hypertension and heart disease are contradicts respectively. Interestingly, a total of 52 (17.3%) responded as likely when enquired whether the present vaccine can cause infertility. Similarly, about 62% of study participants felt that the vaccine might alter the DNA. Conclusion: The present study revealed good overall knowledge and awareness about the COVID-19 vaccine among pregnant with certain misconceptions. The findings suggest that immediate health education programs, risk communication, and correct information should be disseminated by respective health authorities.

Percepciones y prácticas de clínicos sobre la autonomía del paciente quirúrgico durante el proceso de toma del consentimiento informado. Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador / Perceptions and practices of clinicians on the autonomy of the surgical patient during the process of taking informed consent. Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador / Percepções e práticas dos clínicos sobre a autonomia do paciente cirúrgico durante o processo de consentimento informado. Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Equador

La forma como el clínico percibe al paciente y sus conocimientos sobre el consentimiento informado (CI) se reflejan en prácticas de respeto hacia el paciente, con relación a su autonomía y privacidad, desde un marco ético, deontológico y legal. El objetivo fue analizar las percepciones y prácticas de cirujanos en relación con el respeto de la autonomía del paciente durante el proceso de toma del CI en un hospital de la ciudad de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. Metodología Cualitativa. La muestra fue por saturación, aplicando una entrevista semiestructurada. Los datos se analizaron por medio del programa Atlas Ti 8.0®, utilizando rastreo de categorías estructuradas. La mayoría de los médicos asume el consentimiento como un documento legal y obligatorio, por el miedo a procesos sancionatorios. Además, suele delegar su responsabilidad a otros profesionales, desconociendo componentes estructurales y éticos de la toma del consentimiento informado. Concluimos que la falta de conocimiento sobre CI lleva a percepciones y, por ende, a prácticas que vulneran la autonomía y la confidencialidad, además del respeto de recibir la información por parte del clínico que realiza la intervención.

The way in which the clinician perceives the patient and his knowledge about informed consent (IC) are reflected in practices of respect for the patient, in relation to their autonomy and privacy from an ethical, deontological and legal framework. Objective. Analyze the perceptions and practices by surgeons in relation to the respect of the autonomy of the patient during the process of taking the IC in a hospital in the city of de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas / Ecuador. Methodology. Cualitattivo. The sample was by saturation applying a semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed using the Atlas Ti 8.0 ® program using structured category tracking. Result. Most doctors take consent as a legal and mandatory document, for fear of sanctioning processes. In addition, they usually delegate their responsibility to other professionals ignoring structural and ethical components of taking informed consent. Conclusion. It is evident that the lack of knowledge about IQ leads to perceptions, and therefore, to practices that violate autonomy and confidentiality, in addition to the respect of receiving information from the clinician who performed the intervention.

A forma como o médico percebe o paciente e seus conhecimentos sobre o consentimento informado (IC) se refletem nas práticas de respeito ao paciente, em relação à sua autonomia e privacidade a partir de um arcabouço ético, deontológico e jurídico. Objetivo. Analise as percepções e práticas dos cirurgiões em relação ao respeito à autonomia do paciente durante o processo de tomada do IC em um hospital na cidade de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas/Equador. Metodologia. Qualitativo. A amostra foi por saturação aplicando uma entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados utilizandose o programa Atlas Ti 8.0 ® utilizando rastreamento estruturado de categorias. Resultado. A maioria dos médicos toma o consentimento como documento legal e obrigatório, por medo de sancionar processos. Além disso, eles geralmente delegem sua responsabilidade a outros profissionais ignorando componentes estruturais e éticos de obter consentimento informado. Conclusão. É evidente que a falta de conhecimento sobre o QI leva a percepções e, portanto, a práticas que violam autonomia e confidencialidade, além do respeito ao recebimento de informações do médico que realizou a intervenção.

Perceptions and factors contributing to medication errors amongst the health-care providers in a tertiary care hospital

Background: The use of drugs in the medical field (health care) to reduce the illness process and suffering in the patients is very common. The drugs used should not harm or introduce a new ailment in the patients, which will indirectly increase the burden to the patient, relatives, and also to the society in many ways. Aims and Objectives: The primary objective of the study is to assess the awareness about medication errors among various healthcare professionals – doctors, nurses, and pharmacist, also to spread the awareness on avoiding these medication error and suggest remedies to minimize these errors after analyzing the data. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study undertaken after ethical committee approval and conducted by self-reported questionnaires in health-care providers. The participants are grouped into three groups as: Group A: Postgraduates of clinical departments; Group B: Nurses in intensive care unit, casualty and OT; and Group C: Pharmacists. The responses are analyzed using SPSS 17 software. Results: The study shows all the three groups that are equally involved in the mediation errors in different levels of health administration starting from selection of drugs, prescription writing, dispensing of medicine, and also administration of drugs to the patients. Conclusion: Many issues are involved in medication errors done by the health-care providers in different levels of care giving which should be corrected and minimized using latest technologies, reducing the overworking, conducting the lectures, seminars regularly will reduce the occurrence of the incidence, and suffering in such patients.

Perceptions and Challenges for Nursing Students related to Online Learning during COVID-19 in Guyana. Mixed Method Study / Percepciones y desafíos para los estudiantes de enfermería en relación con el aprendizaje en línea durante COVID-19 en Guyana. Un estudio de método mixto / Percepções e desafios dos estudantes de enfermagem relacionados ao aprendizado on-line durante a COVID-19 na Guiana. Um estudo de método misto

Objective: Exploring nursing students' perceptions and experiences of online learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic with a mixed method. Methods: A mixed method was used and obtained ethical approval from IRB. Quantitatively 419 nursing students' perceptions were assessed using a valid and reliable Likert scale of 37 items with a Google Forms survey. Qualitatively 5 focus group discussions (6 to 8 students each) of 60 to 90 minutes from 5 respective Nursing Schools were conducted via zoom and recorded. Codes were generated using MAXQDA analytics Pro 2022 version 22.2.1. Results: 276 (65.87 %) students agreed self-discipline is necessary for online learning. 267 (63.72 %) students strongly agree that online classes reduce travel expenses. Gender had no influence on perception. Younger students showed more positive perception than older students. Senior BSN students showed positive perception compared to RN students, and associations are statistically significant at <0.001. Thematic analysis led to the following themes. Some preferred online learning due to its "flexibility" "convenience" and "access to recorded sessions". Others preferred face to face: online learning is "good for theory only", but for practical sessions face to face interactions is necessary, "sense of isolation", "no student interaction", "less student- faculty interaction". Barriers identified were "internet connectivity issues", "electricity issues" and "technological issues". Facilitators were "convenience", "reduced cost in transportation", "saves time" and opportunity to become "tech savvy". Conclusion: Online classes are suitable for theoretical aspects but require face to face interaction for practical components.

Objetivo: explorar las percepciones y experiencias de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre el aprendizaje en línea durante la pandemia por COVID-19 con una metodología mixta. Método: se utilizó un método mixto y se obtuvo la aprobación ética del IRB. Cuantitativamente se evaluaron las percepciones de 419 estudiantes de enfermería utilizando una escala de Likert válida y fiable con 37 ítems a través de una encuesta en Google Forms. Desde el punto de vista cualitativo, se llevaron a cabo y se grabaron 5 debates de grupos focales (de 6 a 8 estudiantes cada uno) con una duración de 60 a 90 minutos en las 5 escuelas de enfermería respectivas. Los códigos se generaron utilizando MAXQDA analytics Pro 2022 versión 22.2.1. Resultados: 276 (65,87 %) estudiantes están de acuerdo en que la autodisciplina es necesaria para el aprendizaje en línea. 267 (63,72 %) estudiantes están totalmente de acuerdo en que las clases en línea reducen los gastos de desplazamiento. El género no influyó en la percepción. Los estudiantes más jóvenes mostraron una percepción más positiva que los de más edad, los estudiantes BSN senior mostraron una percepción positiva en comparación con los estudiantes RN; las asociaciones son estadísticamente significativas a <0,001. El análisis temático dio lugar a los siguientes temas. Algunos prefirieron el aprendizaje en línea por su "flexibilidad", "comodidad" y "acceso a sesiones grabadas". Otros prefirieron el aprendizaje presencial: el aprendizaje en línea es "bueno solo para la teoría", pero para las sesiones prácticas es necesaria la interacción presencial, "sensación de aislamiento", "no hay interacción entre estudiantes", "hay menos interacción entre estudiantes y profesores". Los obstáculos identificados fueron "problemas de conectividad a Internet", "problemas de electricidad" y "problemas tecnológicos". Los facilitadores fueron la "comodidad", el "menor coste de transporte", el "ahorro de tiempo" y la oportunidad de adquirir "conocimientos tecnológicos". Conclusiones: Las clases en línea son adecuadas para los aspectos teóricos, pero requieren interacción presencial para los componentes prácticos.

Objetivo: explorar as percepções e experiências dos alunos de enfermagem sobre o aprendizado on-line durante a pandemia da COVID-19 - um método misto. Métodos: foi usado um método misto e obteve-se aprovação ética do IRB. Quantitativamente, as percepções de 419 estudantes de enfermagem foram avaliadas usando uma escala Likert válida e confiável com 37 itens por meio de uma pesquisa no Google Forms. Qualitativamente, 5 discussões de grupos focais (6 a 8 alunos cada) com duração de 60 a 90 minutos das respectivas 5 escolas de enfermagem foram conduzidas via zoom e gravadas. Os códigos foram gerados usando o MAXQDA analytics Pro 2022 versão 22.2.1. Resultados: 276 (65,87 %) alunos concordaram que a autodisciplina é necessária para o aprendizado on-line. 267 (63,72 %) alunos concordam fortemente que as aulas on-line reduzem as despesas de viagem. O gênero não influenciou a percepção. Os alunos mais jovens demonstraram uma percepção mais positiva do que os alunos mais velhos, os alunos de BSN sênior demonstraram uma percepção positiva em comparação com os alunos de RN, e as associações são estatisticamente significativas em <0,001. A análise temática levou aos seguintes temas. Alguns preferiram o aprendizado on-line devido à sua "flexibilidade", "conveniência" e "acesso a sessões gravadas", enquanto outros preferiram o presencial: o aprendizado on-line é "bom apenas para a teoria", mas para as sessões práticas são necessárias interações presenciais, "sensação de isolamento", "falta de interação com os alunos", "menos interação entre alunos e professores". As barreiras identificadas foram "problemas de conectividade com a Internet", "problemas de eletricidade" e "problemas tecnológicos". Os facilitadores foram: "conveniência", "custo reduzido de transporte", "economia de tempo" e oportunidade de se tornar "conhecedor de tecnologia". Conclusão: As aulas on-line são adequadas para os aspectos teóricos, mas exigem interação presencial para os componentes práticos.

Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of Threats of Artificial Intelligence Scale (TAI) in Chinese adults

Abstract With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in fields such as medical treatment, while the threat of artificial intelligence has also received extensive attention. However, this topic has been only limitedly explored in China. To provide a measurement tool for AI threat research in China, this study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Threats of Artificial Intelligence Scale (TAI) in two Chinese samples of adults (N1 = 654, N2 = 1483). Results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggested that the one-factor model of TAI as the best fitting model. Furthermore, the Chinese TAI was significantly related to Positive and Negative Affect Scale and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, proving good criterion-related validity of the Chinese TAI. In sum, this study suggested the Chinese version of the TAI as a reliable and effective tool in assessing AI threat in the Chinese context. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

A boa mãe lactante: percepções maternas sobre amamentação e desmame / The good breastfeeding mother: maternal perceptions about breastfeeding and weaning

Resumo A inexistência ou escassez de uma abordagem mais complexa da amamentação nos materiais oficiais de promoção ao aleitamento materno foi o mote do projeto de pesquisa que investigou percepções maternas sobre o ato de amamentar seus bebês e o processo de desmame e suas implicações para elas, seus filhos e famílias. Este artigo apresenta resultados da pesquisa citada, com base na análise de entrevistas com mulheres que desmamaram há, no máximo, dois anos. As experiências das mulheres são afetadas por modelos de maternidade contidos nos discursos oficiais pró-aleitamento materno e na mídia. Compartilhar aspectos raramente abordados ou silenciados nesses discursos permitiu que elas ressignificassem a experiência de amamentação, deslocando seus sentidos e, em alguma medida, transformando-os.

Abstract The absence or insufficiency of a more complex approach to breastfeeding in official breastfeeding promotion materials induced the research project that investigated maternal perceptions about the act of breastfeeding their babies and the weaning process and its implications for them, their children and families. This article presents the results of the aforementioned research, based on the analysis of interviews with women who weaned a maximum of two years ago. Women's experiences are affected by models of motherhood asserted by official discourses for breastfeeding and those that appear in the media. Sharing subjects seldom addressed or silenced in these discourses have helped them to reframe the breastfeeding experience, displacing their meanings and, to some extent, transforming them.

Educação Física no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (1º CEB), Provas de Aferição e Pais: perceções globais / Physical Education in the elementary school, assessment tests and parentes: global perceptions / Las pruebas de evaluación en Educación Física en educación primaria: la opinión de los padres y tutores

As Provas de Aferição em Educação Física (PAEF) integram um processo de avaliação externa dos alunos e do currículo da Educação Física (EF) na escola do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (1º CEB) em Portugal. Assim, a opinião dos pais e encarregados de educação (PEE) sobre as PAEF pode ser um fator relevante. Analisaram-se as perceções globais de 127 PEE dos alunos do 2º ano de escolaridade, recolhidas através de um questionário, com os dados tratados através de análise de conteúdo (categorias emergentes) e estatística. Os resultados evidenciaram que os PEE têm uma dispersão de perceções sobre as PAEF, que vão desde uma posição contrária e negativa até à sua apreciação positiva e fundamentada. Identificam também que estas podem ter um impacte futuro expressivo, monitorização da aprendizagem, do currículo e papel de avaliação formativa. Há necessidade de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a natureza e objetivos das PAEF e sua influência na valorização da área de EF na escola do 1º CEB.

The Assessment Tests in Physical Education (ATPE) are part of an external assessment process of students and the Physical Education (PE) curriculum in the Elementary School (ES) in Portugal. Thus, the opinion of parents and guardians (PG) about the ATPE can be a relevant factor. The global perceptions of 127 PEE of 2nd year students were analyzed, collected through a questionnaire, with the data processed through content analysis (emerging categories) and statistics. The results showed that the PG have a dispersion of perceptions about the ATPE, ranging from a contrary and negative position to a positive and reasoned assessment. They also identify that these can have a significant future impact, monitoring learning, the curriculum and the role of formative assessment. There is a need to expand knowledge about the nature and objectives of ATPE and its influence on valuing the PE area in the ES

Las Pruebas de Evaluación en Educación Física (PAEF) forman parte de un proceso de evaluación externa de los alumnos y del currículo de Educación Física (EF) en Escuela Primária en Portugal. Así, la opinión de los padres y tutores (PT) sobre el PAEF puede ser un factor relevante. Se analizaron las percepciones globales de 127 PT de alumnos de 2º año, recogidas a través de un cuestionario, siendo los datos procesados mediante análisis de contenido (categorías emergentes) y estadística. Los resultados mostraron que los PT tienen una dispersión de percepciones sobre el PAEF, que van desde una posición contraria y negativa hasta una valoración positiva y razonada. También identifican que estos pueden tener un impacto futuro significativo, monitoreando el aprendizaje, el currículo y el rol de la evaluación formativa. Existe la necesidad de ampliar el conocimiento sobre la naturaleza y objetivos del PAEF y su influencia en la valorización del área de EF en la Escuela Primária.

Women's perceptions with use of Implanon® contraceptive device at a primary healthcare facility in KwaZulu-Natal

Background: Early 2014, subdermal contraceptive implant was introduced in South Africa, Implanon® NXT, aiming to expand the method mix, increase effectiveness and availability to long-acting contraceptives. The initial uptake was extremely high, but concerns have been raised with treatment failure and high number of removals reported. Aim: The study focuses on describing women's perceptions with use of Implanon® at a primary health care (PHC) facility in KwaZulu-Natal. Setting: This study was conducted at a selected primary health care (PHC) facility in KwaZuluNatal. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive study design was used. Through purposive sampling, a sample of 60 women from 15 to 50 years old were recruited. Data were gathered through a structured questionnaire and analysed using SPSS 24 software. Results: Study findings show that slightly above half of respondents, 32 or 58.1% expressed satisfaction towards the implant, 20 or 40.9% had stopped using the implant as a result of its major implications. It was found that an edge above half of respondents continued using the implant 28 or 50.9%, while close to half had abandoned it (27 or 49.1%). Some respondents reported that they were experiencing heavy menstrual bleeding and low sex drive as serious unwanted side effects forcing them to stop using Implanon®. Conclusion: Side-effects and poor screening, counselling and support are major reasons for early removal. It is imperative to develop an effective screening tool and to re-train healthcare workers on Implanon® NXT. Contributions: This article contributes to increase awareness of women's perceptions about Implanon® contraceptive.

Midwives' perceptions of and attitudes towards prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV

Background: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV services has become an integral part of antenatal services. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission was introduced in all the regions of Ghana, but mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) continued to increase. Objectives: To explore and describe midwives' perceptions and attitudes towards PMTCT of HIV services. Method: Quantitative research approach and descriptive cross-sectional design were used. The population includes all midwives between the ages of 21 and 60 years who work in antenatal care (ANC) clinics in 11 district hospitals in the Central Region of Ghana where the study was conducted. Forty-eight midwives were interviewed using a census sample process. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Correlation analysis was performed to find the relationships between the attitudes and the perceptions of the midwives on PMTCT of HIV services. Results: Seventy percent of midwives had positive perceptions of PMTCT of HIV services and 85% had positive attitudes towards the provision of PMTCT of HIV services. Midwives were screening all pregnant women who visited the ANCs and referring those who tested positive to other institutions where they can be monitored. Some of the concerns considered were views on retesting HIV-infected pregnant women throughout their pregnancy. There was a positive correlation between attitudes and perceptions of midwives on PMTCT of HIV services. Conclusion: Midwives had positive perceptions and positive attitudes towards the PMTCT of HIV services that they were providing to antenatal attendees. Also, as the attitudes of the midwives towards PMTCT of HIV services improved, their perceptions of PMTCT services also improved. Contribution: Decentralisation of PMTCT of HIV services to community-based health facilities is appropriate to enable sub-district health facilities to test for HIV and provide counselling services to pregnant women.

The typology of physicians according to perspectives on telemedicine during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction@#The coronavirus (CoVid-19) pandemic brought about a massive impact to the healthcare system, including disruption of patient follow-ups and consultations. Subsequently, an increase in physicians’ use of telemedicine was seen. While this technology has been documented to improve delivery of care, it has encountered varied acceptance among physicians. Gaps in specific national legislation, lack of established rules and accreditation standards, and ethical/legal implications add to the concerns. Anchored on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model, this study aimed to segment physicians according to their perspectives regarding telemedicine during the pandemic. @*Methods@#A mixed methods sequential explanatory design using Q-methodology was applied to identify distinct patterns and perceptions of physicians on the use of telemedicine during the pandemic. A Q-sample of 25 statements on perceptions of telemedicine was developed through literature review, and 24 physicians were purposively selected. Participants were instructed to sort statements into a distribution grid according to their degree of agreement/disagreement. Post-sorting interview was conducted to expound on their response. Data were analyzed using by-person factor analysis through the PQMethod software version 2.35.

Attitudes and perceptions of Filipino clinicians and pathologists towards the autopsy as a medical tool

Background@#Globally, autopsy rates have been continually declining over the course of several years. Previous studies have shown that the perception of pathologists and clinicians may serve as significant factors which may affect the performance of autopsy and contribute to its decreased rate. This study was conducted to determine the attitudes and perceptions of Filipino clinicians and pathologists toward the autopsy as a medical tool.@*Methodology@#This is a cross-sectional descriptive survey of two groups of physicians. Forty-four (n = 44) pathologists nationwide and thirty-three (n = 33) clinicians from Central Visayas participated in the study. A total of seventy-seven (n = 77) physicians completed a survey using a standardized online questionnaire.@*Results@#Of the 77 respondents, 94% of clinicians and 75% of pathologists believed that autopsies could provide relevant findings that could change future clinical practice. Despite this, only 6% of clinicians and 20% of pathologists indicated that the number of autopsy cases in their institutions was sufficient. With regards to their practice, pathologists most strongly agreed (mean = 4.30) that material for medico-legal autopsies should be readily available for teaching and research. However, they most strongly disagreed (mean = 2.00) that residents receive adequate training in performing medico-legal autopsies. The two groups of physicians surveyed determined that there is a deficiency in the number of autopsy cases. This is further influenced by clinicians’ concerns about litigation, religious/superstitious beliefs, and the delay in releasing autopsy results. Furthermore, pathologists specified that performing autopsies was excessively time-consuming with an unjustifiable cost. Sixty-two percent of the pathologists signified more strongly than the clinicians that modern diagnostic techniques have diminished the need to perform hospital autopsies. Nonetheless, 86% of Filipino physicians acknowledged that the autopsy is an important medical tool that should be performed for patients with unknown diagnoses and unexpected death. The number of observed and/or performed autopsy cases was a major factor that affected the pathologists’ attitudes and perceptions toward autopsy.@*Conclusion@#In general, there is recognition of the autopsy’s usefulness as a medical tool among the pathologists and clinicians surveyed. However, the lack of cases referred for autopsy remains a challenge undermining the benefits that are derived from its performance.

Perceptions on the use of dissection videos in learning gastrointestinal anatomy among medical students

Background and Objective@#Lockdowns due to COVID-19 pandemic led to a shift to online learning in the University of the Philippines-College of Medicine. The study of gross anatomy is difficult in itself but was compounded by the lack of cadaveric dissection. To bridge this learning gap, medical students had a limited face-to-face activity with cadaveric prosection. As a supplement, dissection videos on gastrointestinal anatomy were viewed prior to the activity. This study aimed to determine the perceptions and experiences of students on the use of dissection videos.@*Methods@#We described the perceptions of students on the dissection videos based on their evaluation form responses after rotating in the OS 206 course module on gastrointestinal anatomy. A 5-item evaluation form was rated using a 4-point Likert scale. Categorical variables were described by frequency and percentages using Microsoft Excel.@*Results@#A large majority (97% to 99%) strongly agreed that the videos were easy to access and had good audio-video quality. Around 68%-70% strongly agreed that the videos enhanced their understanding and made their learning experience pleasant and enjoyable. Around 70% would recommend the videos to fellow students. Only a few (<3%) had negative perceptions on the videos.@*Conclusion@#Dissection videos on gastrointestinal anatomy prior to cadaveric prosection laboratory sessions were perceived by medical students as accessible, good quality, and helpful aids in the study of gross anatomy.